"Arab Americans and Their Communities of Cleveland"

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
	PREFACE	iii
	INTRODUCTION by Danny Thomas	1
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	4
	WHO ARE THE ARABS?	6

	PART ONE: THE ARABS -- THEIR HISTORY AND HERITAGE

1.	PHOENICIAN TRADE AND TRAVEL	11
2.	DEVELOPMENT OF THE EGYPTIAN REGION	20

	PART TWO: RELIGIONS OF THE ARABS

3.	MONOTHEISM - JUDAISM, CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM	29
4.	ISLAM - RELIGION AND LAW	34
5.	SHARI'A - THE WAY	40
6.	THE STATUS OF WOMEN	45

	PART THREE: ARAB CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE WEST

7.	CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE SCIENCES AND MATHMATICS	50

	Mathematics	50
	Astronomy	51
	Medicine	53
	Architecture	55
	Navigation and Geography	57
	Horticulture	59
	Other Sciences	62
	The Crafts	63
	Language and Caligraphy	65
	Music	67
	Philosophy	69

	PART FOUR: THE ARAB WORLD AND THE WEST IN CONFLICT

8.	THE CRUSADES: THEIR EFFECT ON ARAB HISTORY	74
9.	CONQUEST FROM THE EAST	80
	Temujin - Genghis Khan (1162 - 1227)	80
	Timur - Tamerlane (1336 - 1405)	81
	The Ottoman Empire (1299 - 1919)	81
	The Betrayals	87

	PART FIVE: THE IMMIGRATION

10.	EARLY VISITORS	91
11.	THE GREAT WAVE	100
12.	THE ARAB-AMERICANS IN CLEVELAND, OHIO	110
	Rite of Initiation	116
	Rite of Marriage	121
	The Family	130
13.	EARLY SETTLERS	132
	The Irish Cop: Godfather of Arab Families	136
	The New Citizen	138

	PART SIX: SETTLEMENTS AND SETTLERS

14.	THE WOMEN WHO GAVE	142
	The Story of Rose Joseph	143
	The Story of Barbara Jacob	151
	The Story of Helenie Farage	155
15.	THE STRUGGLE TO SURVIVE	161
	The Arab Arts in Cleveland	177
	Sports	183
	Education	184
	Post World War II Period	187
16.	THE ARAB-AMERICAN PARISHES IN CLEVELAND	190
	St. Elias Melkite Byzantine Catholic Church	190
	St. Maron's Maronite Catholic Church	201
	St. George Antiochian Orthodox Church	207

	PART SEVEN: CONTEMPORARY DILEMMAS

17.	PRESENT LEBANESE PROBLEMS	220
18.	A NEW IMMIGRATION	225
	International Implication for the Cleveland Arab Community	227
	APPENDIX	238
	FOOTNOTES	260
	BIBLIOGRAPHY	263

TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS

			Page
	A solitary Cedar overlooks the Village of Bcharre		3
	Mike and Jennie Haddad in Confectionery in Canton, Ohio		5
	Map of the Arab World		8
	Map of the Cradle of Western Civilization		12
	Map of the Ancient Near East		12
	Words of hymn carved in stone in the Hurrian language		15
	A Harp from Sumeria		15
	Baalbeck		19
	Egyptian Ship on the Red Sea		21
	Racial Types . . . From Egyptian Tomb-Paintings		21
	The Great Columns at Karnak		23
	Architectural Affinity of Pyramids		23
	The Voyage of Ra		26
	Monastery near the Mabula Village		32
	Drawings of St. Basil and St. John		32
	The Tomb of St. John the Baptist		32
	Arab boys of Cardiff's Tiger Bay Learn the Koran		43
	A band of inscription of a Koranic verse in decorated Kufic		43
	A 13th Century illustration of a lady lecturing in a Baghdad Mosque		46
	Illustration of a lecture given by a scholar in Baghdad		46
	A 16th Century print of an Arab astronomer Abulmusar		52
	Front and back views of an ancient Arab astrolabe		52
	Pages from at-Birumi's manuscript on the elements of astronomy and Tabit ibn Qarra's translation of Euclid		52
	Surgical instruments		54
	Galenus, Avicenna and Hippocrates, the great physicians of antiquity, as they appeared in a 16th-century medical book		54
	Physician preparing medicine		54
	A portrait of six Greek physicians found in the Arabic translation of Galen's Treatise on Electuaries		54
	A Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, built in 691 A.D.		56
	Details of a window of the Alhambra, Granada		56
	Illustration of Ahmad pointing the way for Vasco		60
	Various pictures of the crafts made by the Arabs		64
	Various forms of Arabic Calligraphy		66
	Musical Instruments: The Oud, the Rabab, and the magical 'ud		68
	Averroes (ink drawing)		71
	The Castle of Reynaud De Chatignon		79
	Physician preparing medicine		88
	Facsimile of a letter in George Washington's own handwriting		94
	Prince Nasereddine		96
	Ahmad Bon Na'Aman		96
	Baptism of Bruce Salem Bird		119
	The original statue brought from Luxembourg in 1875		148
	Old Church at Carey, Ohio		148
	Altar in original Church at Carey, Ohio		148
	Atutlah and Barbara Khattar Jacob (Wedding Picture)		156
	Mrs. Helenie David Farage in her wedding dress		156
	Syrian Women's Red Cross Auxiliary at Bradley Court		164
	Street Railway Repair Crew directly in front of old Anter Bros. Wholesale Distributors		164
	Cleveland newspaper story on Julia Macron		168
	Shaheen and Louise Hurley Kaim in Arab costume		168
	Gathering of Aiteneet men with some of their children		172
	Jamil Kaim receives award from Cleveland Lebanese Union		172
	Honor banquet for Miss Bayouth of the Lebanese Y.W.C.A.		175
	The Million Pound Clothing Drive for Arab Refugees		189
	St. Elias Church: Then and Now		195
	The New St. Elias -- Where East meets West		196
	Rt. Rev. Malatios Mufleh, B.S., Archimandrite		199
	Rev. Father Ignatius Ghattas, B.S.		199
	Banquet following Eucharistic Congress		200
	Women's group St. Elias Byzantine Melkite Church with Pastor Rev. Ignatius Ghattas		200
	Rev. Msgr. Joseph C. Feghali		202
	St. Maron Church		202
	St. George Syrian Orthodox Church		208
	Articles of Incorporation		210
	Churches serving the Arab Americans of Cleveland		219
	Wedad Mouhaissan Hasan in El-Bireh		227
	The Palestinian grandmothers of members of Cleveland's Palestinian Community		227
	Mrs. Yasir Allis and Miss Ruth Nader in Palestinian dress		227
	Miss Tami Anter in Saudi Arab dress of Royal Family and Miss Lorraine George in Palestine dress from Bethlehem		234
	Helen Thomas: "First Lady" of White House Correspondents		242
	Miss Juliet Deir Teaching "Conversational Arabic"		246
	Reem Hamadan, 7, studies Arabic in a class at the Islamic Center		246
	Dr. Emile Habiby uses this chart to teach the alphabet sounds of the Arabic language while his son, Najib looks on		246
	The Arabic Alphabet		248
	St. Jude Research Hospital for Children		255
	Kahlil Gibran		258
	Proverbs Are the Lamps of Speech		259
	Various Newspaper Clippings		260

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